Example Answers to Questions on Consumer Behaviour

Example Answers to Questions on Consumer Behaviour -PURCHASE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS- Problem Recognition: The problem recognition is where psychological needs are involved; the intensity or awareness of the problem may vary as the individual realize that the actual state of mind or feeling is not a wanted one, as a consequence, the individual take action to change it by acquisition of a product or service. Information Search: This is the stage when the awareness of the problem is accepted and the self-realization of what kind of purchase could solve the difficulty. Where and how it can be acquired? What information is on reach? At this stage, consumers will search information that will allow them to make a decision. Information Evaluation: The evaluation of the information will be evaluated based on a certain criteria; the consumer will find means to differentiate between them. They may target shops, brands, pricing, promotion or even physical aspect like packaging. Decision: The next step after evaluation is the decision, which may be a natural result of the product assessment. The consumer may have to prioritise the assessment or choice of product/service/solution even further by choosing if the convenience or price is the most significant factor, or one may predominate on the other. Post-Purchase Evaluation: The majority of cases consumers are likely to be some level of after-acquisition analysis in order to reassure them whether the product/service fulfilled previous expectation. -BUYING SITUATIONS- Routine Problem Solving: This is when items that fall into the routine problem solving category in order not to risk by changing to new competitor products. The consumer is satisfied with the same brand and the benefit of changing may just bring an unnecessary effort of information, evaluation and decision. This generally happens with cheap or low-cost products. Limited Problem Solving: Involves more attention and decision -making those routine acquisitions. Goods tend to have an elevate value and last longer. It is more likely to occur when acquiring services. The consumer has the need to acquire the product right from the first time and will like not to risk by trying. Extended problem Solving: The extended problem solving is similar to the limited one but it compromises a more serious purchase, meaning that it is even more severe that the limited one. Goods have a much more value, consequently, a even higher risk for the buyer. It will be motivated to know as much as possible about the product and the decision will be based on coherent, practical and cognisant grounds. -BUYER BEHAVIOUR THEORIES- The buyer behaviour processes and acts on individuals involved in buying and using products or services. The formulation of the marketing strategies that will succeed in implementation depends on the understanding of how people behave when buy and how does the environment is composed. The decision environment are the influences that make people to take a decision, for instance family traditions, reference groups that enhance associate or disassociate behaviours. The consumer buying process consists of 5 steps: Need recognition: This is when an individual recognise the need for the acquisition of a product, in the scenario of the hair care company, the buyer acknowledge the need for the product by different factors as internal or external stimuli, social esteem, etc. Information search: this is when the recognition process is complete; the fallowing step is where to acquire the product (memory, family, advertising, internet) Alternative evaluation: As it is rare to find exactly what people look for there is always an evaluation for alternatives (rational or irrational). Purchase decision and associated risk: It is important that the purchase of a good do not involved a high risk in regard of performance, financial, physical, social and egocentrically. Post purchase evaluation: The final stage of the consumer buying process with the overall performance in contrast to the expectation prior the acquisition. The key factors that influence marketing activities in buying satiations are the cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. -FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR- Cultural: Language, religion, education, values and attitudes, etc. Social: Primary groups, secondary groups, inspirational groups and dissociative groups. Personal: as age, occupation, economic class, life style. Psychological: Motivation and the greatness of the need. All this information is used to develop a clear picture and valid associations of how people take the decision to acquire a product, along with specifications of a valid target process, which will then be applied by the organization. Types of Buying Behaviour: Level of involvement is an individuals intensity of interest in a product and the importance he or she places on a product. Consumers go through a problem-solving process. The 4 types of Problem-Solving are: Routine Response: buying that requires very little search and decision effort; it is used for products that are low priced and bought frequently. Examples include soft drinks, snack foods, milk, etc. Limited Decision: Buyers use when they purchase products occasionally or need information about unfamiliar brands in a familiar product category; it requires a moderate amount of time for information gathering and deliberation. Examples include Clothes, know product class but not the brand. Extensive Decision: employed when unfamiliar, expensive, or infrequently bought products (such as homes, automobiles and furniture) are purchased; buyers used many criteria to evaluate brands and spend more time searching for information and deciding on the purchase. Impulse Buying: unplanned buying behavior involving powerful urge to buying something immediately. A lot of impulse decisions are made at the checkout area and can be on items such as candy, sodas, batteries, film, etc. Situational influences in the buying decision process: Situational Influences: Elements that influence the buyer to change his mind. Situational Processes: Physical surroundings Social surroundings Time perspective Research purchase Momentary mood and conditions Psychological Influence in the buying decision process: Psychological Influences (factors that determine behaviour) Selective Exposure: Select one important factor while ignoring another (go to Libya because is cheap and worm ignoring hostile environment) Selective Distortion: Twisting information with personal feelings or beliefs (pay  £700 when just can afford  £550) Selective Retention: Thrusting beliefs and feelings in regard of a product/service that actually are where never associated. Perceptual organization: This is based on organizing and integrating new information with what is already stored in the consumers memory. (Marketing Æ’Â ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Consumer Focus Æ’Â ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Product made for the consumer needs) (Sales Æ’Â ¨ Product Focus Æ’Â ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Consumer buy a product that may do not suit the consumer) Interpretation: The interpretation of the consumer on an untried product/service (how the consumer see it). Main reasons why a marketer fails while delivering a message to the consumer are: Consumers block out sellers info. Consumers interpret sellers information differently than intended. Consumer discomfort info the conflicts with cultural issues. -EXTERNAL INTERNAL FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE BUYER BEHAVIOUR PROCESS- Environmental influences: The decision making process is always connected to the environment in which the product and the buyer are. These influences are the fallowing ones. Sociocultural influences: Influences from current trends as a whole and the various social groups they belong in order to enhance status. Technological Influences: It affects many aspects of the decision-making by product development and innovation. Economic and competitive influences: Price, value for money and conscious assessment of the need to acquire are prevalent influences. Political and legal influences: Legislations, regulations, consumer rights and advertising also effect the overall decision-making process. Psychological influences (The individual): The psychological influences are these aspects that affects an individual perception while executing a conscious or subconscious decision-making process. Personality: Very extensive area of study consist on features, behaviours and experiences of the consumers. Perception: It indicates the way in which people interpret, analyse and make sense of present and upcoming situation while being affected by personality, experience and mood. Learning: The process by consumers of understanding and retaining info from a product. Motivation: Is based on Maslows hierarchy of needs (Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem, Self-actualisation). Attitudes: Is a perspective that an individual takes on a certain subject (Cognitive, Affective, Conative). Sociocultural Influences (The Group): Social groups will inevitably affect purchasing decision were the individual are member of, as individuals are influenced by social and cultural factor from their location of provenience. Social class: Is a form of social grouping for identification of masses. Culture and Subculture: It refers to the personality of the society where consumers live in (Art, Language, Literature, Music and Products which are consumed by society). Reference Groups: these are groups where an individual belongs or aspire to belong (professional bodies, social societies, lifestyle groups) Family: It is the key influence of the buyer behaviour of the individuals. -RELATION BETWEEN BRAND LOYALTY, CORPORATE IMAGE AND REPEAT PURCHASE Brand loyalty this happens when a consumer is predisposed to acquire the same brand of goods/services constantly over a certain period of time instead of varying among manufacturers of the same product/service. Perhaps brand loyalty can be measured by the consistence or volume of acquisitions of the same brand within the same category. Corporate image is a conceptual mental image developed by corporate advertising techniques to highlight their image so it can boost desirability to consumers, suppliers, employers and stakeholders. Companies develop a corporate image in order to enhance psychological perception, reputation and corporate culture. A positive corporate image can augment consumer adoption and develop further brand loyalty. Repeat purchase is the action made by buyers while repurchasing a previously purchased product. Repeat purchase is a pattern used in order to calculate the consistency of loyalty to a brand. The relationship between these three factors is enormous as they aimed the same result. The difference is that all make part of the same scope but in different stages. For instance when a company invest on the development of a positive corporate image, consumers will then mature a positive psychological perception over a period of time (depending the intensity and technique used). These perceptions will impulse consumers to try, and consequently, to adopt the product as preferable acquisition among all other similar brand products. When consumers make a repeat purchase of the same brand, the company is then able to assume a certain degree of brand loyalty.

19th Century of American Literature Essay

Choose one short story and one poem from the 19th century. Write to compare the ways in which each of these may be considered representative of American culture during the time period in which it was written. Cite specific evidence from the literature to support your ideas. Short story: The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin A woman by the name of Mrs. Mallard has some heart problems so those around her are worried that revealing the news of her husband’s recent death might cause her a lot of stress and sadness which might in turn make her heart worse. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay â€Å"Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death.† (Chopin) Upon hearing the news she breaks into tears, just as her loved ones had feared. She is expressing sadness over her husband’s death. â€Å"She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms.† (Chopin) She then experiences grief, where she doesn’t want anything to do with anyone at the moment because her mind is in such a fragile state, plagued with emotions and thoughts, that she needs space alone to clear it. â€Å"She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms.† (Chopin) After being in her room for some time her thoughts are starting to get to her. She doesn’t know it yet, but she is so sad that she’s allowing her thoughts to get the better of her and she is not in a strong state to deal  with them which will only cause things to get worse. â€Å"There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it?† (Chopin) She is dying from a broken heart and she is welcoming death to take her and free her from the pain she is feeling of missing her husband. â€Å"Free! Body and soul free!† she kept whispering.† (Chopin) She was feeling such sadness and grief that is had but a lot of stress on her heart and weakened it to the point of fatality. â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease–of the joy that kills.† (Chopin) â€Å"The Story of an Hour† was written during the romantic period which was a time where writers and artists worked to free humanity from the mindset that everything was based upon logic and explanation. This story was written to bring light to the idea that emotions are important and that they are so important, they can affect you physically and can kill you. This story touches heavily on grief and sorrow and it connects physical problems with emotional ones which portrays the goals of many writers and artists through the romantic period because they wanted to express emotion and this sort story definitely did just that. Poem: Raven by Edgar Allan Poe The Raven is a story about a person who is mourning over the loss of a love . â€Å"ONCE upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore† (Poe) The â€Å"tapping† he hears are his own thoughts, the answer to a question that he longs to know the answer to. He represents it in the form of a physical object coming to him in the middle of the night. â€Å"While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.† (Poe) He wants his lover back because he is still deeply in love with her. â€Å"From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore, 10 For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore: Nameless here for evermore.† (Poe) He is afraid of his own thoughts because deep in his mind he knows that he will never see his lover again and that she is gone for good, but he still refuses to believe she is gone for good so he searches for some reassurance that it’s not true, but he’s scared to find the answer because he’s scared he’ll be proven right. â€Å"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, 25 Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before;† (Poe) The poem â€Å"The Raven† was written during the romantic period, a time where literature and art expressed senses and emotion rather than reason and logic. This poem is reflecting deeply on the emotions of love, sorrow, grief, and a possible anger. It touches on human emotions and brought attention to humanity and what it is like to be a human from an emotional view which was the goal in the romantic period.

Top University of California Essay Samples Choices

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The Attachment Theory Family Therapy Approach - 1932 Words

therapy model that would be used just for Sarah and Robert would be the attachment theory family therapy approach. This model would be used because they both detached themselves from each other, they didn’t use their sibling relationship as a support instead the avoid each other. When working with them outside of residential home it would be important to create a schedule that has flexibility, because it will give them some control and may help to make them more open to the process. An example of this that was effective can be found in Foroughe and Muller’s article about attachment-based intervention strategies. The article by Foroughe and Muller is a case study on a family that has intra-familial trauma and they note that when working†¦show more content†¦This intervention focuses on helping to provide the client who has suffered a complex trauma with an attachment style intervention that focuses on the various subsystems in the client’s life (Foroughe Muller, 2014). TBRI can be applied not just in a clinical setting but in any environment. This intervention would help Sarah to continue to make bonds with people and be aware of how these systems affect her. Also Sarah would receive support for her separation anxiety disorder as well. The individual sessions would also allow for interventions that assess how Sarah is adjusting to her new life, and the outlook of her new family. Robert would receive individual counseling as well to help him cope with the idea of being in a new environment that is not the residential facility. This will be more of an adjustment for him but it important that he is still receiving the services needed to keep him at the high functioning that he is currently at. He would also experience TBRI because it will be beneficial for him to have a constant support in all his environment and it important that he is able to adjust without regressing back to pass behaviors. 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